Can We Build Zero Radon Homes Like Zero Energy Homes?

In recent years, “zero energy homes”—houses that produce as much energy as they consume—have become the gold standard in sustainable building. But what about another invisible threat inside our homes: radon? This radioactive gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking. As we design energy-efficient homes, the question arises—can we also design homes with zero radon levels?

Understanding the Radon Risk

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that forms when uranium in soil and rock breaks down. It seeps into homes through cracks in foundations, floors, and walls. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), approximately 1 in 15 homes in the United States has elevated radon levels—above the EPA’s action level of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). Even levels between 2 and 4 pCi/L carry measurable health risks.

Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that radon causes up to 14% of lung cancers worldwide. In the U.S. alone, radon is responsible for about 21,000 lung cancer deaths annually.

The Paradox of Energy Efficiency

Ironically, as we build tighter, more energy-efficient homes to reduce heating and cooling loss, we may also increase the risk of radon accumulation. Airtight designs limit fresh air exchange, trapping radon and other pollutants inside. That’s why building a “zero radon home” is not as simple as sealing up leaks—it requires a holistic indoor air quality strategy.

Can We Achieve Zero Radon?

Technically, achieving zero radon is nearly impossible due to its natural presence in the environment. However, we can reduce indoor levels to near-zero or well below the EPA’s recommended threshold through smart design, materials, and active mitigation systems.

Here’s how:

• Radon-Resistant Construction (RRC): The EPA promotes RRC techniques, including gas-permeable layers beneath foundations, plastic sheeting, and vent pipes. These are especially effective in new construction.

• Active Soil Depressurization (ASD): This system uses a fan to draw radon from below the home and vent it outside. It’s considered the most effective radon mitigation method.

• Ventilation and Air Exchange: Incorporating balanced ventilation systems like HRVs (heat recovery ventilators) or ERVs (energy recovery ventilators) improves air quality without sacrificing energy efficiency.

Several pilot programs and studies—such as those supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America program—demonstrate that homes can be both energy-efficient and low in radon with integrated design approaches.

Conclusion

While building a truly “zero radon” home may not be scientifically feasible, building homes with radon levels well below health risk thresholds is entirely achievable—and should be prioritized. Just as we’ve embraced the zero energy movement, it’s time to pursue homes that are not only efficient, but healthy and safe. Radon mitigation must be part of the sustainable housing conversation.

References

1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A Citizen's Guide to Radon. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-12/documents/2016_a_citizens_guide_to_radon.pdf

2. World Health Organization. WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241547673

3. U.S. Department of Energy. Building America Program – High-Performance Homes. https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/high-performing-homes

4. National Cancer Institute. Radon and Cancer. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/radon/radon-fact-sheet

5. American Lung Association. Radon Basics. https://www.lung.org/clean-air/at-home/indoor-air-pollutants/radon